Spitting Cobra
Naja nigricollis
A group of African and Asian cobras capable of ejecting venom in defensive sprays aimed at the eyes of a perceived threat.
- Venomous?
- Venomous
- Adult length
- 1.2-2.2 m (4-7.2 ft)
- Range
- Sub-Saharan Africa, savanna and semi-arid regions
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Overview
'Spitting cobra' refers to several Naja species, of which the black-necked spitting cobra is a widespread African representative, capable of forcefully expelling venom through modified fangs when threatened. This defensive behavior is a distinct adaptation among elapids, evolved independently in African and Asian lineages.
These cobras are highly adaptable, thriving in savanna, farmland, and even human settlements across much of sub-Saharan Africa.
How to identify it
- Slender to moderately heavy-bodied cobra with variable coloration, from gray-brown to reddish or blackish
- Often a dark throat/neck band or blotch, especially in juveniles
- Classic cobra hood, though generally narrower and longer than that of true cobras
- Round pupils and smooth scales
- Distinguished from non-spitting cobras mainly by fang structure, not visible externally, and by defensive spitting behavior
Habitat & range
Found across savanna, dry woodland, scrubland, and semi-desert throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa, frequently near termite mounds, rock piles, and human dwellings where rodents are abundant.
Behavior, diet & reproduction
Mostly nocturnal to crepuscular, becoming defensive when cornered, rearing up and spraying venom toward the eyes of a threat from a distance. Feeds on rodents, birds, amphibians, and other snakes. Egg-laying, with clutches typically of 10-15 eggs.
Frequently asked questions
Can spitting cobras really spit venom?
Yes, they can eject venom accurately over roughly two meters through specially shaped fangs, aimed reflexively at the eyes of a threat.
Are all cobras able to spit?
No, only certain species, mainly some African and Asian Naja, have this specialized ability.
How dangerous is their venom?
It is a potent cytotoxin causing severe tissue damage, and can cause eye injury if sprayed venom contacts the eyes.
Where do spitting cobras live?
Across dry savanna and woodland habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
Spitting Cobra guides
In-depth guides for identifying and understanding Spitting Cobra.
