European Adder
Vipera berus
The only venomous snake native to the British Isles, with an enormous range spanning from western Europe to the Russian Far East, including areas within the Arctic Circle.
- Venomous?
- Venomous
- Adult length
- 0.5-0.8 m (1.5-2.5 ft)
- Range
- Europe and parts of northern Asia
Found a snake like this?
Identify any snake from a photo, free.
Overview
The European adder holds the distinction of being one of the most northerly-distributed snake species in the world, with populations found well within the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia. It is the sole native venomous snake of the United Kingdom, where it is protected and generally shy around humans.
Despite its vast range spanning much of the Palearctic, its venom is considered relatively mild among vipers, and bites, while medically significant, are rarely severe in healthy adults.
How to identify it
- Gray, brown, reddish, or olive background color, with females often more reddish-brown and males more gray
- Bold dark zigzag stripe running the length of the back
- Distinct 'X' or 'V' shaped marking on the head
- Vertical pupils and a short, stocky body
- Melanistic (all-black) individuals occur in some populations, especially at higher latitudes
Habitat & range
Occupies heathland, moorland, woodland edges, grassland, and rocky hillsides across Europe and into northern Asia, tolerating cooler climates better than most vipers, including habitats near the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia.
Behavior, diet & reproduction
Diurnal, especially active during spring and autumn, often basking to regulate body temperature in cooler climates. Feeds on small mammals, lizards, and amphibians. One of the few live-bearing vipers, adapted to give birth in cold environments without needing to lay eggs.
Frequently asked questions
Is the European adder dangerous?
It is venomous, but bites are rarely life-threatening to healthy adults, though medical attention is still warranted.
Is it the only venomous snake in the UK?
Yes, it is the only native venomous snake species found in the British Isles.
How can you identify a European adder?
Look for a bold zigzag stripe along the back and an X or V-shaped mark on the head.
Where does the European adder live?
Across a huge range from western Europe to the Russian Far East, including areas within the Arctic Circle.
European Adder guides
In-depth guides for identifying and understanding European Adder.
